The Sentencing Of African Americans - 1626 Words

African Americans now constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated; that is 60% of 30% of the African American population. African Americas are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. â€Å"Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. (Carson, E. Ann, and Sabol, William J. 2011.) Stated on Americanprogram.org â€Å" The Sentencing Project reports that African Americans are 21 percent more likely to receive mandatory-minimum sentences than white defendants and are 20 percent more likely to be sentenced to prison.† Hispanics and African Americans make up 58% of all prisoners in 2008, even though African Americans and Hispanics make up approximately one quarter of the US population. (Henderson 2000). Slightly 15% of the inmate population is made up of 283,000 Hispanic prisoners. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, every third black male gets sent to prison at least once in his life. Males of color have a disproportionate number of encounters with law enforcement, indicating that racial profiling continues to be a problem. African Americans are twice as likely to be arrested and close to four times as likely to experience the use of force during encounters with the police. â€Å"In Newark, New Jersey, on the night of June 14, 2008, two youths aged 15 and 13 were riding in a car driven by their footballShow MoreRelatedThe War On Drugs : American Foreign And Domestic Policy1676 Words   |  7 Pagesagencies, and pushed through measures such as mandatory sentencing and no-knock warrants. . The War on Drugs has been a centerpiece of American foreign and domestic policy. The rhetoric of war shaped the impact of methods. Not only does war require military strategies, but an enemy as well. In this case it was easy to construct African Americans and people of color as the enemy i n the War on Drugs. These are the groups that the majority of white Americans have always viewed as the source of crime. PresidentRead MoreSentencing Of Sentencing And Sentencing Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Sentencing bias occurs in most of the court cases in the United States of America. Sentencing bias can include races such as Hispanic/Latino, Asian Americans, White Americans, and Native Americans. This brings us to talk about sentencing disparities? In which a court case trial is not treated the same or it is treated differently than other cases. However, who faces the most disparities in sentencing? Could it be African American’s who face’s the most trends and Asian American’s theRead MoreThe Drug Enforcement Agency ( Dea )1574 Words   |  7 Pagesunequally under the law but we are adding to the issue of mass incarceration. The Fair Sentencing Act, which will reduce the amount of people who are sentenced to prison for crack and powder cocaine is beneficial because prisons have become so overcrowded and so many people have been sentenced to jail unfairly and are serving ridiculous sentences for nonviolent drug offenses. According to the United States Sentencing Commission in November of 1988 the Anti-Abuse act made a simple possession of crackRead MoreAfrican Americans And The Juvenile Justice System1248 Words   |  5 PagesRace and Sentencing It has been brought up that certain race and ethic affects a person’s sentencing. Many studies have addressed the question are African Americans treated more severely than similarly situated whites? (Mitchell, 2005). Observers had indeed noted that black defendants get more severe sentencing than white defendants do (Spohn, 1981). For many years’ social scientist has examined this theory and came up with three explanations, racial discrimination, Wealth discrimination, andRead MoreThe Bias And Discretion Of The Sentencing Process1415 Words   |  6 Pagesit comes down to sentencing. So, are we saying the judges are racist? This learner hopes not, but she cannot help but wonder if they are just based on the number of African American that is housed in our jails/prisons. There just seems to be an overwhelming amount of us incarcerated verses Caucasians. It is also amazing that some of the sentencing time that judges past down for the same type of criminal act (e.g., bur glary, auto theft, etc.) seems to be worst for African Americans more than thereRead MoreAfrican American Men And The United States Prison System1422 Words   |  6 PagesAfrican American Men and the United States Prison System There is a racial connection between the United States criminal justice system and the overrepresentation of black men in the United States prison system. There are over 2 million people in the U.S. prison system exceeding that of any other nation and represents 25% of the world’s prisoners (The Sentencing Project, 2016). According to Prison Policy Initiative, African American communities are the most impacted with African American men representingRead MoreSentencing Of The Criminal Justice System Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesSentencing criminals in court is not the easiest thing to for anyone involved, it’s usually a lengthy process that must go through examining evidence, interviewing witnesses and of course listening to the defense. When an offender has been found guilty, a judge must decide what their retribution will be, usually referring to set guidelines. These guidelines help judges decide what punishment would be best based on the offense, criminal history, whether a weapon was used, and many other facts. TheseRead MoreRacial Discrimination807 Words   |  4 Pageseffect on the lives of African-Americans and Hispanics. From policing to trial to sentencing, racism against minorities occurs throughout the entire process in the criminal justice system. This research paper will outline some of the aspects and evidence of racial discrimination in the criminal justice system. ​Keywords: criminal justice, discrimination, profiling, sentencing Racial Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System ​Minorities, particularly African-Americans and Hispanics, are targetedRead MoreThe Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Laws1613 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent mandatory minimum sentencing laws are in dire need of reform. A mandatory minimum sentence is a court decision where judicial discretion is limited by law. As a result, there are irrevocable prison terms of a specific length for people convicted of particular federal and state crimes. As of January 2014, more than 50 percent of inmates in federal prisons are serving time for drug offenses, and more than 60 percent of people incarcerated are racial and ethnic minorities. The use of safetyRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences For Nonviolent Drug Crimes Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesof the partisan prosecution with the expansion of mandatory sentencing. Mandatory minimum sentencing is a system which sets minimum jail sentences for crimes, which not even judges can overturn. In the decades after the 1950s, with the increasing war on drugs, minimum sentencing laws have spread further and further into nonviolent drug related crimes, the effects of which have been almost universally negative. Mandatory minimum sentencing for nonviolent drug crimes has proved to be a cost ineffective

The Tower Of The Ancient City Jericho - 870 Words

Staircase, stairwell, stairway or, commonly, simplified to just stairs; defined as â€Å"construction designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances† otherwise known as steps. One of the oldest structures in architectural history, there is no definitive answer of when the first set of stairs was created. However some historians have made claim that some of the oldest surviving staircase’s are found in the ruins of the ancient city Jericho, suggesting that the birth of stairs may have been as early as 7,000 years ago. Stairs have throughout the history of humanity played an integral role in civilisation, and continue to do so today. Some of the first examples of the most basic stairs were not created on purpose, but instead were rocks used to climb worn down by years of heavy traffic, or foot holes carved into terrain to make an ascent easier. Wood trunks were cut or fitted together to make levels but were not used in buildings. Instead they were used to overcome the difficulties of the harsh landscape of the mountains and valleys, and were utilised as necessary survival tool. The mountains and valleys were dangers, and the less time the people of the age spent struggling in the harsh conditions the safer they would be. In the beginning we needed stairs to simply survive in our environment, but in time their purpose has evolved into how we in the modern age use them today. They are a necessity in most buildings or structures, haveShow MoreRelatedNeolithic Art and Architecture Paper2272 Words   |   10 PagesNeolithic Locations, Jericho, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, and Stonehenge. Also, what made each of these sites significant, what new forms of buildings were present at each, and what is still perplexing modern day historians and archaeologists about these sites. I will start with the oldest of the three locations from above, Jericho. Jericho is a city of Palestine, but has been under the occupation of many. Its most important fact is that it is one of the oldest known permanently occupied cities in the world, occupiedRead MoreFactors that contributed to the origin and development of cities.1848 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction In many forms of settlements the status of the cities have been determined by factors and various other influences; these are known as urban form determinants. There are three different sources of determinants. Firstly, are the geographical natural world determinants. These include the climate, topography and the availability of construction materials. The second are known as man made determinants which are comprised of many things such as economic, political, religious, defenceRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 PagesHOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16 WHAT INFLUENCES did the first Indus valley civilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence

To Kill A Mockingbird And Kindred Essay - 735 Words

Bryah Spruill Ms.Rorke English 9 GT 31 October 2017 â€Å"My potential is more than can be expressed within the bounds of my race or ethnic identity† (Ashe). Throughout the novels, â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† and â€Å"Kindred†, the authors address important issues like social and racial injustice, racism, and discrimination in our history. In â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird†, we follow young Scout and Jeremy as they began to discover the true meaning of discrimination. In â€Å"Kindred†, we follow a young woman as she travels back in time as a slave and discovers the true cruelty of racism. Although these novels were set in different time periods, the main characters from both books went through similar issues and learned similar lessons from their experiences.†¦show more content†¦Dana experiences a lot of hardships and challenges throughout her journey. She has to deal with racism, inequality, and the chaos that comes with it. Although times were not perfect during the 1970s, being transport ed into the 1920s opened Dana’s eyes to the beauty of growth and change. It made her realize that even though we have a lot more way to go we still have come so far to get to where we are today in society. Dana, with the strength of her ancestors at heart, overcame her fear and the limited opportunities of her society. Dana is a proud example of the positivity and success that can come from perseverance and dedication. â€Å"Kindred† tells readers of the hope and possibility of a united and equal future in our societies. â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† and â€Å"Kindred† both give important yet similar messages to their audiences. These two works of writing have become an eye opener to the imperfections and immorality of our society. They have become a foundation of growth and change within our communities. These novels have a widespread impact on our society, regardless of race, they prove the importance of being socially aware in our world. They have taught us about important issues like discrimination. They have gave us a window to the struggles and hardships our ancestors faced in history. â€Å"To Kill A Mockingbird† and â€Å"Kindred† were the beginning of a revolutionized way of thinking. Our nation was built upon tears, sweat, andShow MoreRelatedThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3246 Words   |  13 PagesLater in the novel, Katniss makes her first kill. The â€Å"arrow drives deeply into the center of his neck†¦ then I [Katniss] realize†¦ he was my first kill.†(Collins, 233-4) The author’s imagery explicitly describes the harsh conditions the protagonist is fighting against as having a negative impact and potentially ruining her humanity. It further demonstrates to the reader the negative consequences of hunting. Collins uses descriptive language to make the â€Å"kill† (Collins, 234) both real and imaginable.

Taking A Deeper Look Into The Wild - 1764 Words

Taking a Deeper Look Into Into The Wild Transcendentalism is a slightly complex word that describes a rather simple idea. It began all the way back in the beginning of the nineteen hundreds with Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalists navigate their writings through five main ideas: the goodness of human and respect for other beauty, respect and beauty of nature, the importance in self-expression, non-conformity, and reducing the dependence on property. These ideas are not only distributed throughout pieces of writing, but also set guidelines in which many people live their lives by. Into the Wild is written about a man, Chris McCandless, living his life based on transcendentalism. McCandless left his family behind, went into the wilderness, lived off the land for about two years, and, consequently, fell in love with the beauty that surrounded him. He was a very independent man who lived by his own rules and no one else’s. This is only one of numerous writings that follow a ke y of transcendentalism. Others include: â€Å"Self-Reliance,† â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† and â€Å"Walden.† Each story relates to one another in their own way. It was made obvious in the reading of Into The Wild that Chris McCandless had an immense amount of respect for the beauty of nature and everything growing within it. His expedition was intended to lead him to Alaska; he had an admiration for the scenery there. McCandless hiked across the west for two years preparing for his trip to Alaska. Along the way, heShow MoreRelatedEssay on A Magical Forest666 Words   |  3 Pagesabove the ground, as if in competition with one another, to see who will reach the sky first. Their roots are long and strong, going deep under the ground, indicating that they have lived in the area for a long time, for centuries. As I look up, I notice first their leaves. Although they are green, they have a tinge of gold reflected in the sun making them bright and radiating their light around the forest. Looking down the tree, in the day of the forest, I can see a faintRead MoreSeaworld : Where Curiosity Kills1379 Words   |  6 Pagesliving in family pods, swimming up to 100 miles a day, breeding correctly, and diving as deep as they want. Instead, the orcas are kept in a small enclosure controlled by dictators. humans are blind to the fact that these beautiful, wild animals should remain in the wild and not for entertainment. Today is a world where animals are used for food, fashion, clothing, entertainment, and research (Pacelle). Animal cruelty is an evil moral, not to mention it is also a crime, and should be stoppedRead MoreFilm Analysis : Into The Wild1429 Words   |  6 PagesInto the Wild The movie Into the Wild is about a young man who finished his university education and through everything away. He did this because he wanted to go into the wilderness to find answers to his questions to his life. There are multiple scenes that moved me when watching this movie. The first scene that moved me was during a campfire scene with Jan and Chris. They were talking and Jan said that â€Å"You look like a loved kid, be fair.† Chris answered â€Å"Rather than love, in money, in faith,Read MoreThe Horse Girl Or The Dolphin Girl Essay1641 Words   |  7 PagesAs long as I can remember I have always had a passion and love for wild life and animals. Many people would call me the horse girl or the dolphin girl. My favorite shows were nature on PBS and national geographic. I love learning about different animals and all of their unique qualities it fascinates me. I was in full bloom of my love for animals in the early 2000’s just as SeaWorld was starting to become ex tremely popular. It became my dream to visit SeaWorld and get a chance to experience theseRead MoreAnalysis Of Annie Dillard s Living Like Weasels1413 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis Essay Annie Dillard’s â€Å"Living Like Weasels† details Dillard’s encounter with a weasel in the wild, and her attempts to come to terms with her feelings about said meeting. Dillard not only goes into great detail about the experience itself, but she also provides a very good background on weasels, as well as others’ experiences with the animal. Through her use of background analysis on weasels, as well as with her own experience, Dillard uses the three rhetorical appeals to argueRead MoreEssay on Significance of the Dog in To Build a Fire1519 Words   |  7 Pagesbeginning of the story the man takes a moment to reflect upon the many miles of vast bleak desolation that he had traveled, not to consider his insignificance in the world, nor to contemplate his luck in overcoming the terrain, but to merely look back at his conquest.nbsp; He made himself aware of the tremendous cold as he spat in the air, before it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled.nbsp; By performing this action he realized that it must be much colder than fifty belowRead MoreKiller Captivity1198 Words   |  5 Pagesanimals and in response they lash out and attack. Is the trainer at fault or the â€Å"killer† whale? Visual Equipment Needed: A computer and a projector will be needed. Introduction I. Attention-Getter: I did not know very much of the cruelty taking place at one of the most world renown amusement parks. As I child and once more after I visited the Sea World in San Antonio. As many are, I too was captivated by the Shamu show. Recently I have discovered the madness behind the amazing shows. IIRead More Rousseau, Hobbes, and Locke : Interpretations of Human Nature 1593 Words   |  7 PagesFrom our nature came the interest of how we as humans interact with each other, through the development of our nature some have served and others had ruled. Three philosophers that have focused their political ideas around human nature have given a deeper meaning to their study of politics through the understanding of human nature. Each one of them had a distinctive interpretation of what human nature was and how it impacted the politics of the specific society that they envisioned. It is hard toRead MoreAnimal Cruelty Must Be Stopped1143 Words   |  5 PagesThe bottom of the cage is covered in feces and there is barely enough room for any of them to casually walk around not to mention lie down. Their water and food bowl appear to be flipped upside down and the grass surrounding the cage is so long it looks as if it hasn’t been touched in months. Before you pass by the hou se, you get a better view of the dogs. Their rib cages are very visible and they jump up onto the fence, barking as loud as they can as if begging, pleading to be released from the tortureRead MoreCultural Elements Of Cultural Appropriation980 Words   |  4 Pageslearn more and experience other cultures through â€Å"mutual understanding, equality, and respect† (goodmenproject.com). Now there seems to be confusion on where cultural exchange ends and cultural appropriation begins. Cultural appropriation is the â€Å"taking [of] intellectual property, traditional knowledge, cultural expressions, or artifacts from someone else s culture without permission†(racerelations.about.com). Instead of educating and spreading knowledge about different cultures and practices, the

Housing and Homelessness Services Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Housing and Homelessness Services, Supporting Young People Less than 16 Years of Age. Answer: Introduction The community service programs refer to course of action which is focused towards the benefit of the public or its institutions. They are directed towards different public or social entities and their welfare. The primary aim of the service programs is to uplift the standards of different vulnerable sections of the society. The social objective of different service programs is different; however, the underlying objective of all the programs is societal welfare. In this regard, the present report proposes a service program for homeless people under the age of sixteen in Queensland, Australia. Currently, there is a significant amount of population below sixteen years of age which are homeless or are on the verge of homelessness in Queensland, Australia. There are several reasons for homelessness; for example, the people from care background are at high risk of homelessness. These people are without the support of any family and soon become disengaged from the system or are unaware of their rights and how to access them. The aboriginal people are also at a high risk of homelessness as these people get less support from the government when these people migrate from their local areas to cities. However, the children under the age of 18 have the right to home, safe housing and a care system and if they are denied accommodation; they become vulnerable to destitution, sexual exploitation, poor health and crime (Waterman, 2014). In this report, a service program is proposed which is directed at assessing the needs of homeless people and assisting them in their lives. Engaging Consumers in the Analysis of Service Needs Active consumer voice is essential in vulnerable consumer groups with specialized needs such as homelessness. Effective consumer participation can improve the service outcomes and enhance the service delivery. Several other issues such as health and mental issues, alcohol and drug usage also integrate with the homelessness issues which makes the consumer participation all the more necessary. In this regard, the present report can use a number of strategies for consumer participation in service delivery such as using newsletters, survey or questionnaire, brochures, comment boxes and exit interviews. Newsletters are the most common form of involving consumers in the service program. There are several benefits of newsletters as the consumers get an opportunity to share their experiences and opinions with one another. There are several other benefits of newsletters such as the users can learn different IT skills which are essential for teamwork and abiding by the deadline. They are also a relative cheap method of involving the consumers. The survey or questionnaire is directed at obtaining feedback from the consumers and improving the service quality (Chen, 2014). The customer participation can also be increased by using leaflets, brochures and posters. It is important to increase the accessibility of the information and quality of consumer participation. There are several instances when the consumer participation is necessary such as when there is legal requirement or at the beginning of the project. It raises the awareness regarding the activities in the service program and increases consultation and feedback. In the present program, these activities will be used to present the information in clear and concise manner to the consumers and; therefore, increasing the consumer participation in the service program activities (Chen, 2014). Another important strategy for the consumer participation is implementing consumer led projects. These projects are stand-alone projects which are designed, developed and operated by the consumers. There is a large array of projects which can be used for increasing the consumer participation. The role of the organization is to only offer support or assistance services when required by the consumers. However, it is important that few of the managers of these projects have a considerable amount of experience in running such projects otherwise these projects can be a drastic failure. The primary advantage of these consumer projects is that as they are led primarily by the consumers they are enthusiastically received and delivered. The overall impact of these activities is higher on the consumers. The involvement in these projects can assist the user in gaining new skills and increasing confidence of the employees (Phillips, 2016). Developing a Program Goal of the program: The present homelessness program is directed towards analyzing how the individuals, youth and families experiencing homelessness can be served in a better manner. The program is focused on abolishing the homelessness in the country. In this regard, strategies will be suggested which can address the issue. Housing arrangements will be made for the homeless children below the age of 18. Strategies used in the Program: The primary strategy used in the homelessness program is advocacy strategy. The program will create several sophisticated and effective advocacy strategies with the help of federal, state and the local government. The government funds are the primary source to reduce the homelessness in the community and the advocacy efforts should focus in establishing that policies and the funding are at the right place so that thee homelessness is rare and temporary. It also focuses on identifying new revenue sources at the state level which can increase the funding to make the homelessness rare and temporary. In order to increase the impact of the program, it is important to increase the number and diversity of people involved in the program. The program will also utilize the strategy of system change wherein it is assured that the government and philanthropic funding is used in the most effective manner. It is assured that proper investment is made regarding prevention, innovation and implementation of complementary services such as education, health care and workforce training. With this strategy, it is assured that the money spent on the homelessness services is spent in an effective manner and will achieve remarkable results. Another strategy which can be used in the homelessness program is field building. Commonly, philanthropic programs are focused on treating the symptoms rather than focusing on the solutions. The homelessness issue can be addressed by field building wherein more private sector money can be used for the development of housing colonies for the homeless people. It is also important that the nonprofit sector moves beyond the traditional methods and utilize different innovative strategies, seeking strategic alliances and collaboration on homelessness. The service program should also focus on developing leadership and creating alliance with different stakeholders (government, consumers and nonprofit organizations) to create opportunities for them to come together and solve important and difficult issues. The organization will also use the strategy wherein the youth participation in education job training, health care and other programs will be reduced. The organization can also use different research methods to identify the barriers which arise while accessing these programs. The community program will encourage active participation of the children in education as it is will assist them in leading better lives. The students in higher standards will be encouraged to participate in teaching the lower level kids. Along with it, they will also be required to actively participate in poster or brochure making. It will make them familiar with the technology and increase the overall effectiveness of the program. Implementation and Monitoring of Program In the implementation of the housing program, the organization must integrate prevention and support services. The organization will integrate prevention and support team at regional level to provide support and housing services to all the people who are homeless or are at the risk of being homeless. It should also increase the availability of the housing by increasing the source of funding, explore alternatives to alternative and traditional housing, providing permanent housing solutions for different housing needs and identifying and implementing the actions and decisions required. A community partnership can also be developed to increase the efficacy of the program. A true partnership should be developed between the governments, business organizations and nonprofit communities so that a coordinated and collaborative community, leadership and policies can be developed (Stockdale, Tang, Pudilo, Lucas-Wright, Chung, Horta Wells, 2016). The following strategic actions will be used for the implementation of strategic actions: Using Prevention Policy: It is important that the organization adopts and implement a collaborative approach to prevent individuals and families from becoming or being homeless Increase the Availability and Choice of Housing: It is important that the organization should also build and develop different kinds of housing to address the needs of the people who are homeless. Providing a Single Service Point: There should be support teams, which provide or coordinate the support services to the people who are homeless and require relocation (Nelson, Stefancic, Rae, Townley, Tsemberis, Macnaughton, Stergiopoulos, 2014). Establish Partnership between Community Members: The nonprofit organization should focus on establishing efforts with the community and thee government so that the existing resources and plans can be used for the implementation of the services. The current program will adopt a recovery-oriented approach in which homelessness is aimed to be abolished by moving the people into independent ad permanent housing and later providing additional support and services. The basic principle under this program is that people should focus on development of programs. There should be active participation of the consumers of the services. The current program will assist all the people who are currently homeless (Stergiopoulos, Schuler, Nisenbaum, Guimond, Wasylenki, Hoch, Dewa, 2015). The managers of the program will focus on developing associations between government and private entities so that housing complex can be formed for the people with different needs. The program is aimed at obtaining approval for funding from both private and public entities for developing of housing of destitute children (Macnaughton, Stefancic, Nelson, Caplan, Townley, Aubry ... Tsemberis, 2015). In addition to it, community awareness program will also be implemented to increase the adoption of these children. The children under the age of 16 years are in dire need of education, emotional support and mental support. The organization can also develop programs wherein these children will be provided family support. Different families can be asked to come forward and volunteer to accept these children. They can keep the children for a specific period of time. It will positively impact on mental and social well-being of the children. The children will also be able to receive love and affection and realize what it is to live like a family (Hwang Burns, 2014). The program will also focus on the education of destitute children. Homeless children come from different backgrounds and educational level. It is important that an education program should be developed specifically for them so that they can be included in the mainstream education system as soon as possible. Monitoring and Evaluation of Program Monitoring is the process to improve the performance of a program and assist the program in achieving the results. The goal of a program is to increase the output, outcomes and the impact of a program. It is used to assess the performance of an institution. It is the systematic process of the examining the relativeness, effectiveness and the efficiency of activities in terms of specific objectives. The primary objective of evaluation is to identify errors and do not repeat them again in future. It is also beneficial to provide recommendations and lessons to the project manager, teams so that the same are not repeated again. The monitoring and the evaluation of the community service programs should be driven by the information needs of users and different methods instead of the perception regarding the evaluation (Chong, Yamaki, Harwood, d'Assalenaux, Rosenberg, Aruoma, Bishayee, , 2014). The evaluation procedures are diversified and the best method should be selected in accordance t o the program. Regarding social program, the organizations most commonly use the method of answering certain questions in a systematic manner. The community based programs must be evaluated in accordance to the needs, input and the outcomes of the program. It should also monitor the process or progress of the program. It is the process of evaluating whether the program is performing according to the intended aims or specific standards. It indicates how the program is performing against the intended outcomes (Aubry, Nelson, Tsemberis, 2015). In the present case, data will be collected from the consumers of the program for monitoring the efficacy of the program. There are several tools of gathering data from the consumers. The first method is to use management information system (MIS) for the evaluation of the data. The Management Information System (MIS) comprises of data regarding the daily routine of the process; therefore, it may include different information related to the program such as the participation of the staff, treatment of staff members and the cost associated with the program (Williams, 2014). Other than that, the survey and questionnaire method can also be used to judge the efficacy of the program. In this method, survey will be conducted with the children, volunteers and teachers associated with the program. The survey will be conducted with the children to understand their needs and any other issues that thy might have with the program. It will assist the people in understanding in a better manner the issues which are faced by homeless people. Other than that, the program managers should also conduct survey with the families and the teachers associated with the system. The teachers would be able to posit the issues with the educating the students. They will also have a better understanding of the social and mental well-being of the children and provide a proper insight for their assistance. The feedbacks and recommendations provided by the professors should be used in the education and development program (Stergiopoulos et al, 2015). It can be critiqued that several of the children will join these programs at a later stage. The organization should develop vocational or short term job oriented programs for these people. It will assist the children immensely as they can become independent and responsible in a short term. Along with it, when these children will become independent, they will also reduce the burden from the social system. Conclusion Service program are focused on the development and welfare of the society. In the present, a service program is developed to abolish homelessness of Australian youth. The present report has recommended a service program for the welfare of the youth who are on the verge of homelessness or currently homeless. The service program is focused on obtaining investment from government and the private entities. It will develop housing arrangements for the children. The children will also be provided education so that they can lead an independent life. The children will also be provided benefits in education so that they can resume their education after a prolonged period of absence. The program will also encourage family support for the overall development of the children. The family will nurture, provide love and support for the children. In addition, it will also encourage educational and family support requirements which are essential for these people. The current program will be monitored with the survey from the children, teachers and program managers. The survey will identify the issues with the children. The children will be able to provide insight for their struggles, needs and requirements. These suggestions along with the suggestion of the teachers and other participant will be used to assist and enhance the program. References Aubry, T., Nelson, G., Tsemberis, S. (2015). Housing first for people with severe mental illness who are homeless: A review of the research and findings from the at HomeChez soi Demonstration Project.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,60(11), 467-474. Chen, F. P. (2014). Developing community support for homeless people with mental illness in transition.Community mental health journal,50(5), 520-530. Chong, M. T., Yamaki, J., Harwood, M., d'Assalenaux, R., Rosenberg, E., Aruoma, O., Bishayee, A. (2014). Assessing health conditions and medication use among the homeless community in Long Beach, California.Journal of research in pharmacy practice,3(2), 56. Contemporary youth issues. Greenwood Publishing Group. Hwang, S. W., Burns, T. (2014). Health interventions for people who are homeless.The Lancet,384(9953), 1541-1547. Kenny, M., Gallagher, L.A. (2003). Teenagers and Community Service: A Guide to the Issues Macnaughton, E., Stefancic, A., Nelson, G., Caplan, R., Townley, G., Aubry, T., ... Tsemberis, S. (2015). Implementing Housing First Across Sites and Over Time: Later Fidelity and Implementation Evaluation of a Pan?Canadian Multi?site Housing First Program for Homeless People with Mental Illness.American journal of community psychology,55(3-4), 279-291. Nelson, G., Stefancic, A., Rae, J., Townley, G., Tsemberis, S., Macnaughton, E., .. Stergiopoulos, V. (2014). Early implementation evaluation of a multi-site housing first intervention for homeless people with mental illness: a mixed methods approach.Evaluation and Program Planning,43, 16-26. Phillips, D. (2016). Consumer Participation Guide. Department for Communities and Local Government. [Online]. Available at: https://www.homelessnessnsw.org.au/sites/homelessnessnsw/files/2016-12/Consumer_Participation_Guide_with_examples.pdf [Accessed on: 22 August 2017]. Stergiopoulos, V., Schuler, A., Nisenbaum, R., Guimond, T., Wasylenki, D., Hoch, J. S., ... Dewa, C. (2015). The effectiveness of an integrated collaborative care model vs. a shifted outpatient collaborative care model on community functioning, residential stability, and health service use among homeless adults with mental illness: a quasi-experimental study.BMC health services research,15(1), 348. Stockdale, S. E., Tang, L., Pudilo, E., Lucas-Wright, A., Chung, B., Horta, M., ... Wells, K. (2016). Sampling and recruiting community-based programs using community-partnered participation research.Health promotion practice,17(2), 254-264. Waterman, A. S. (2014).Service-learning: Applications from the research. Routledge. Williams, S. (2014). The Role of the Black Panther Party Social Service Programs in Community Organizing.Sociology.

Professional Portfolio- Focusing

Question: Write Professional Portfolio- Focusing On Clinical Learning And Teaching Competence. Answer: Rudd (2010) studied that missing health literacy is a major reason for defected health care services and outcomes. In similar manner health literacy lacking in the patients of provided case scenario leads to the issue of a drug overdose. The ways in which missing health literacy leads to this issue are improper information transmission, lacking effective communication and linguistic transmission between the healthcare provider and patient, and patients misconception of prescribed medication due to lacking health literacy. Health care administrator considerations while managing marketing programs are: - Getting marketing programs constructed in simple English as well as other non-native languages for better health literacy in hospital Before launching any marketing program it is better to get all the health information reviewed from healthcare professional to avoid transmission of incorrect information (Zhang, Terry McHorney, 2014). Consequences of communications without health literacy Missing patient interest and understanding of medical terminologies Improper transmission of information due to lacking health literacy (Arnold Boggs, 2015). Impact of health literacy on health program communication and delivery Patient able to understand the medical terminologies and concepts Effective communication between patient and healthcare provider Effective health care process establishment (Fischhoff, 2012). Explanation of consequences Missing patient interest and understanding of medical terminologies Due to lack of health literacy patients are not able to understand the basic concepts used in medical programs. Hence, the major challenge that administrator usual face is to develop audience interest. Zhang, Terry McHorney (2014) stated that audience belonging to the medical background is only able to understand medical programs as per feedback collection analysis. Improper transmission of information due to lacking health literacy Mottus et al. (2014) indicated that transparencies of health terminologies in health programs are important because transmission of wrong information can lead to serious health hazards. The missing health literacy influences this factor leading to transmission of incorrect information to target audience. Explanation on the effects of health literacy Patient able to understand the medical terminologies and concepts Health literacy provides a better understanding of medical terminologies to the patients. Rudd (2010) studied that one year program on health literacy conducted in a private hospital of Canada minimised medication error (30%), mortality rate (10%) and ICU cases (5%) in the hospital. Effective communication between patient and healthcare provider Better understanding will germinate better communication and effective relationships that will positively affect health care delivery (Fischhoff, 2012). Effective health care process establishment Health literacy ensures better communication, effective transmission of information, and patient understanding the medical terminologies will directly benefit the health care process by establishing a stronger working process in medical scenario (Arnold Boggs, 2015). References Books Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Fischhoff, B. (2012).Communicating risks and benefits: An evidence based user's guide. Government Printing Office. Journals Mottus, R., Johnson, W., Murray, C., Wolf, M. S., Starr, J. M., Deary, I. J. (2014). Towards understanding the links between health literacy and physical health.Health psychology,33(2), 164. Rudd, R. E. (2010). Improving Americans' health literacy.New England Journal of Medicine,363(24), 2283-2285. Zhang, N. J., Terry, A., McHorney, C. A. (2014). Impact of health literacy on medication adherence a systematic review and meta-analysis.Annals of Pharmacotherapy,48(6), 741-751.

Philosophy of Nursing free essay sample

Philosophy of Nursing Paper Person/ Family Person is the recipient of nursing care, the main center focus of the nursing practice. Person is all the aspects that create an individual from their family structure and their role in that structure to their life knowledge and their beliefs in all the aspects of their world. Person Is not only how someone lives, Its how they adapt and adjust to changes In their life, their self concept and their view and Interpretation of the world around them. Person is individualized and unique to the individual. It is my belief that defining person is the first step that nurses should implement when deciding the individualized and patient specified care of a patient. Person defines what is real and to the client and how they see themselves and the world. Health is ultimate blending of person and environment. It is the result of who you are and how your environment adjusts to your Person. It is promoted and maintained by the nurse in a holistic manner. Health is when a patient is satisfied with his or her wellbeing, can manage those symptoms that exacerbate illness, and have the adaptive abilities to maintain health from the nurses support on health promotion education on managing those environmental factors that affect health. Butts and rich (2011). Being a nurse is a call from God, and it is sometimes said, â€Å"Nurses have healing hands. † Nursing profession is in existence as a requirement to provide care for humans. Caring is a beautiful art known to be the first step in the healing process. Butts and Rich (2011). That being said, it is the nurse’s responsibility to provide compassionate nursing care to patients, families, and communities of all kind in a non judgmental fashion. Separating their personal and professional values will help reinforce this belief. Except in situations where personal values like, â€Å" treat others the way you want to be treated† can help to enhance professional values. In all honesty, the nurse should view the patients as a whole, focusing on the physiological, psychological, and spirituality when providing a comprehensive data collection to treat and maintain wellness. Due to the fact that nurses decided to become a nurse, they are obligated to provide care base on the moral commitment as reflected by the Code of Ethics for Nursing. Butts and Rich (2011). Masters defined nursing as, the â€Å"attention to the full range of human experiences and response to health and illness without restriction to a problem-focused orientation, integration of objective data with an understanding of the subjective experience of the patient, application of scientific knowledge to the process of diagnosis and treatment, and the provision of a caring relationship that facilitate health and healing. † Nurses should be up to date with research and evidence base practice as stated in the in the scope of standard practice for nurses. I am a registered nurse in a long term acute care hospital caring for patients on ventilator, tracheostomy, wounds care, sepsis and IV antibiotic therapy, diabetics on insulin drips, tube feeds, etc. I am a kind of nurse who doesn’t bit around the bush. When it comes to my professional responsibilities, my patients come first. Patients and families satisfaction is my number one priority. The patients are viewed through the holistic approach, addressing their mental, physical, and social needs. And their healing is foster by applying compassion, help, listening, monitoring, mentoring, coaching, teaching, exploring, being present, supporting, touching, intuition, empathy, service, cultural competence, tolerance, acceptance, nurturing, and conflict resolution. Nursing: Scope of Standard of Practice. (2010). I do belief that satisfying the patients and their families results to a huge benefit in the advancement of their healing process. Satisfying patients begins by creating a trustful nurse-patient relationship. Trust has been related to better healthcare outcome. Brodsky-Israeli and Ganz (2010). Regular rounding on patients to check on their basic needs, surroundings for safety, and immediate respond to their call lights decreases patient’s pain and anxiety, increases patients satisfaction and promotes healing. This has been proven to increased discharges, reduced length of stay and of cause reduced cost and readmission. Ciccu-Moore, R. et al (pg, 537, 2013). I do belief in teamwork. Working as a team in collaboration with other healthcare professionals speeds up a patient’s recovery period, and promote cost effective care. Healthcare has become one of the biggest business industries in our capitalist society. Competition with one other is crucial among these organizations. Therefore, providing quality nursing care with the use of scientific and evidence base practice results to a better patient outcome, shorter hospitalization period which subsequently reduces healthcare cost, increased patient referral, as well as increase chances for returning to the organization in the future when needed. Milutinovic et al (2009). I do belief in rules and regulations. Abiding with the organization’s policy and procedures promotes patient’s wellness and also helps the organization to pass join commission inspection which will keep the organization running. I believed in maintaining my professional commitment as a nurse to care for patients of all kind in reflection to the below statement from the Code of Ethics for Nurses; â€Å"The nurse respects the worth, dignity and rights of all human beings irrespective of the nature of the health problem. † Lachman (pg, 114, 2000). The intensions of my professional values and beliefs are to promote cost effective quality nursing care, patient satisfaction, disease prevention and health maintenance, in addition to personal professional growth. Patients comes first and view as a whole using the holistic approach to care for in collaboration with other health care professional to provide satisfaction. These philosophical ideas are related to Virginia Henderson in that she viewed a nurse’s role as stated â€Å"Assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he will perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. † Kearney-Nunnery (pg, 15, 205). She uses her fourteen component of nursing care for a comprehensive data collection in reflection to the holistic approach for the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. Henderson integrated restorative, supportive, and promoting practices with an emphasize on patient independence as standing out. Butts and Rich.(pg, 394, 2011). Learning about philosophy, theory, and conceptual model is like a wakeup call for me, a reminder, influential, and motivational to continuously practicing my professional values and beliefs as stated above. This will not only be of great benefit to my patients, but also to healthcare organizations as to meet up with competitions. This will also give me a personal feeling of satisfaction, as well as respect for the nursing profession in the eyes of other disciplines. What I do know is that, healthcare will continuously be a booming and competitive business in the future. Therefore satisfying the patients will always have a great impact in that competition. Fortunately, my beliefs will not change in that stand point. The fact that nurses will always be available to provide care to their patients as long as humans exist; I have made a decision to extend my nursing knowledge in advance to become an advance practice nurse. References

TeliaSonera Case Study free essay sample

In the competitive and rapidly growing telecom market, it is sometimes difficult to acquire market share and remain a lucrative, successful company. The former has not necessarily been an issue for the telecom company), TeliaSonera. Based in Stockholm, TeliaSonera is a major telecom provider, administering services throughout Eurasia. Amassing approximately 180 million customers, the company has dominated the telecom industry within the aforementioned region, garnering 105 billion SEK (16 billion US dollars) in revenues and an impressive 21. 2 SEK (3. 2 billion US dollars) in profits. The success of TeliaSonera in various telecom markets, however, is not indicative of the company’s struggles faced in global expansion. Although TeliaSonera has been successful within the telecom markets in Eurasia, the entity has experienced trouble within their European expansion due to a myriad of factors. Starting as a virtually unknown brand, TeliaSonera struggled with brand recognition, garnering market share, and overall success in the aforementioned markets. However they have been able to grow, as a company due to wise decision-making, an intrinsic understanding of the telecom industry, and a necessary will to please consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on TeliaSonera Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Whilst utilizing Porters Five Forces, SWOT analysis, and multiple types of critical analysis pertaining to markets, one can deduce what TeliaSonera is doing in order to be a prosperous, global telecom provider. 2 Introduction TeliaSonera is the fifth largest telephone operator in Europe, also operating in countries such as Azerbaijan, Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Nepal, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan (Peng, 2013). Administering landline and mobile telephone services within the European region, the company operates in these countries under various brand names: Azercell, Geocell, Kcell, Moldcell, Ncell, MegaFon, Tcell, Turkcell, and Ucell, to name a few. The company initially started out as two separate entities. Telia, which was based in Sweden, was initially a state owned monopoly telephone company, which supplied customers with the very basic communication needs. This led to the lack of options for consumers, which posed a problem for the company. The telecom industry was constantly changing, and in order to keep up with the competitive market, Telia (known as Televerket at this time) began to take their organizational capabilities into consideration. New, privately owned companies were also entering the market as new investment opportunities were appearing due to the collapse of the Berlin Wall. This was a catalyst for the change to what was now a private and competitive company known as Telia AB in 1993. As the political climate changed, so did the telecom industry. After Finland gained independence, â€Å"850 private telecom companies united into a federation† (Peng, 2013). Now within Finland, there was one state owned Telecom Company and one private telecom company. The telephone operations of the company went along the commercial avenue and were introduced to the stock exchange as Sonera. Due to financial restrictions, Telia and Sonera came together in order to create fixed and mobile networks. The benefit of merging companies was apparent, due to Telia’s expertise in operating mobile companies within a varying number of countries. This experience was also instrumental in their success in an emerging economy. After the merger, operations within TeliaSonera were classified as such: 1. Mobility services 2. Broadband Services 3. Eurasia TeliaSonera, as a flourishing telecom operator, also provided services in what some may consider unorthodox regions. By supplying coverage in some mountain ranges, they have been able to differentiate themselves from other providers. However, this company was not always a pioneer in telecom industries. Through bouts of social and political change as well as technological advancements, TeliaSonera evolved in order to thrive in an ever growing, competitive market. Not only did the company acquire market share within the newly liberated Eastern Europe, TeliaSonera also focused on setting aggressive goals for its Eurasia operations. Those goals were: 1) Double-digit revenue growth 2) Defending the EBITDA margin 3) Taking a leading position in mobile data 4) Increasing ownership in core holding With these specific goals in place and a clear focus on garnering market share, TeliaSonera has been able to maintain successful and annual gains. These gains can also be attributed to the understanding TeliaSonera had of the telecom industry itself. By creating a brand visible throughout many countries, under many different brand names, TeliaSonera was able to garner brand loyalty via multiple local brands. By utilizing their business savvy and focusing on specific aspects of the market, the company was able to thrive, even through financial and political woes. As a newer company, TeliaSonera faced challenges, but continues to dominate in the telecom market due to their understanding of global business. 3 Analysis of the Eurasian Telecom Industry 3. 1 Challenges within the Telecom Industry Multinational companies have to face many challenges to succeed in foreign markets. There are some key concepts that should be taken into account when a multinational company is planning to expand into a foreign market. Among these are: Study the country’s customs and business etiquette, to get used to them before entering into their market. This means looking at their history, how they greet people, what you can or cannot do while you are in a business reunion, etc. Another fundamental factor is to study the country’s currency and its fluctuation in the past, so you can also have an idea of where it could be in the future. As currencies change daily, an operation that is discussed now but taken into action a month from now, is not going to have the same value. Furthermore, there needs to be a total understanding of the laws of the country the company is planning to expand to, as laws differ from country to country. Down the line, a critical factor is to test your product, among different demographic groups in order to see how they would respond to the product.. By doing this the company will know more or less what improvements should be done to make the product more appealing for the consumers. Last but not least, a company needs to study what its competitors have done before to enter into the market. A company needs to ask itself: †What were their advantages? What were their obstacles? What did they do right or wrong? † Starting from this point, a company will then need to figure out how its product differ from the product of its competitors and what will make its product more appealing for customers. Of particular importance for a company is also to well consider the Porter’s five forces model, which has been discussed in deep in the previous part of this paper. 3. 1. 1 Resources and Capabilities TeliaSonera has tangible and intangible resources and capabilities that drive its successful growth in the Eurasian market. The tangible ones are observable and quantifiable resources and capabilities. These can be divided into three categories: The intangible ones are those resources or capabilities that are not easily to observe or impossible to quantify. These fall into three categories: Physical: which are mobile towers and offices. Financial: cash, liquid securities (bonds, notes, and share), and credit lines. Technological: computers and phones. Human: talent and knowledge of its employees. Innovation: research and develop new products and services (edge, 3g, 4g). Reputational: their experience operating mobile companies in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Europe. Also, they launched the first 4G network. (Peng, 2013) The value chain of TeliaSonera is composed by: Due to its technical resources, TeliaSonera has achieved a great customer understanding, facilitating areas, so they can be smoother and less problematic. With its capital, it has been able to make highly technological investments in comparison to its competitors in the region. These investments placed TeliaSonera in a leading position in most of the countries in which it operates its businesses. TeliaSonera’s success of its Eurasia expansion can be attributed to strong business and government ties developed throughout time in this region. 3. 1. 2 Market Penetration In contrast to developed countries in Europe, Eurasia market conditions gave TeliaSonera an opportunity for market penetration, since this countries are not as developed as the majority of countries in Europe, therefore, they rely more on mobile networks. Furthermore, the market penetration of the market in this region is not high, giving TeliaSonera a great potential on their network operations; and having less competitors usually results in higher margins of profit and a bigger market share. Another advantage is that Eurasian countries welcome foreign direct investment (FDI) for economic development. This is one of the main reasons why Eurasia was so appealing for TeliaSonera, driving its decision to make huge future investments. Another opportunity that TeliaSonera has taken advantage of can be referred to the demography in the Eurasian region, knowing that the population in Eurasia is a larger and younger population, which in turn is the number one consumer of technology. Being less than in developed countries, but showing an increase, data service revenues have been growing, showing a 16% increase in 2010. (Peng, 2013) 3. 1. 3 Alliances TeliaSonera was very familiar with forming alliances, since the company was formed by an alliance between Telia and Sonera. This has been a key factor for the success of TeliaSonera. Alliances and acquisitions were perfectly understood by the company and taken into action. With alliances and acquisitions in Eurasia, TeliaSonera had been able to spread throughout many countries, giving it a wider share of the market than it would have got if the company would have entered into the market without partnering with a local company. TeliaSonera understood this market perfectly, while other companies struggled to succeed in this market, TeliaSonera read the situation properly and was able to benefit from this One major threat for new entrants was the ongoing political and security crisis involving terrorists attacks and union strikes. In addition to that these underdeveloped countries were also suffering from poor telecommunication. In these particular cases,TeliaSonera’s strategy was well considered: it offered its world class telecommunication technology, also generating jobs for the local population. A perfect example is the company’s Nepal-case. When TeliaSonera came into Nepal; it increased the cell transmission towers from 300 to 1500 in three years. As a result, the people covered by TeliaSonera almost doubled from 44% to 80%. TeliaSonera created 500 solid jobs in different positions for the local people of Nepal. (Peng, 2013) In order to differentiate itself from the competition and to improve the company’s performance, TeliaSonera implemented a branding strategy to expand its services under one brand image. That gave the company a good reputation of a strong multinational company with a good service. As the CEO and president of TeliaSonera explained: â€Å"Our strength lies in the combination of two features: leading and local. We are one of Europe’s leading operators with international strength and reach. At the same time, we have strong local brands and operate very close to our customers on each market. Therefore, it is natural to keep the name of the strong local brands but adding a unifying visual brand symbol. This strategy also clearly differentiates us from our competitors. † This particular and kind of unique strategy helped the company hold its leading position in the market. Turning out to be a success, TeliaSonera applied this strategy from the Nordic and Baltic region to the Eurasia countries. 3. 2 Evaluation of the Eurasian Telecom Industry through Porter’s Five Forces Model When a company plans to expand globally into new market areas, the specific market environment should be assessed carefully. Through Porter’s five forces model a company is able to determine the competitiveness of a certain market. According to Porter, the collective strength of five major forces determines the ultimate profit potential of an industry. Whatever the collective strength of the five forces is, a company’s strategy should be formulated in such way that the company is able to defend itself against these particular forces or influence them in its own favor. (Porter, The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy, 2008) Porter’s five forces are as follows: (Porter, Harvard Business Review, 2008) In order to characterize the competitive intensity and attractiveness of the telecom industry in Eurasia, the Porter’s five forces model can also be used. 3. 2. 1 Threat of New Entrants: In general, the telecom industry is a very capital-intensive industry, which means that companies that want to enter this particular industry have to face huge capital requirements. For this reason, as biggest barrier to entry access to finance can be cited. Among these, capital requirements of the telecom industry in Eurasia are, for example, liabilities in terms of infrastructure and related fix costs. TeliaSonera had not only the required capital to engage in the telecom industry in Eurasia, it also had the technical know-how to specifically invest in the infrastructure in this region. The technological knowledge and better quality network gave TeliaSonera a leading edge in Eurasia compared to local competitors, and that minimized the threat of new entrants to the market. In addition to that, in Eurasia, weak institutional settings were quite common, especially in former Soviet Union countries. Despite each country in Eurasia is in a different phase of transition to market economy, the economic, legal, and regulatory systems are still highly bureaucratic and risky. This ambiguity in the institutional frameworks can also be viewed as barrier to entry, since they bring additional risk for businesses and also increase the costs of investments. To conclude, due to high barriers to entry in the Eurasian telecom market, the threat of new entrants can be evaluated as quite low. 3. 2. 2 Power of Suppliers: TeliaSonera’s first step to expand to the Eurasian telecom market was to leverage its decades of telecom expertise developed in Nordic countries in the developing countries of Eurasia region. Moreover, the company heavily invested in the infrastructure in order to improve the quality of its network in Eurasia. Taking all the aforementioned facts into consideration, it can be concluded that TeliaSonera mostly supplies itself with the required equipment for its offered products and services. Additionally, there are a number of large equipment makers around the world. This means, that if TeliaSonera would not be able to supply itself with the necessary equipment, it could purchase it from the respective suppliers. The fact that TeliaSonera seems to supply itself and that there are a number of suppliers available dilutes the bargaining power of suppliers, and can therefore, be considered as low. 3. 2. 3 Power of Buyers: With an increasing choice of telecom products and services, the bargaining power of buyers is constantly rising. Nowadays, telephone and data services do not vary much, regardless of which company is selling them. However, TeliaSonera had a first-mover advantage in Eurasia, since it was the first big telecom company, which expanded into this region in order to exploit the opportunities of this growth market. The highly technological and better quality investments did not only provide TeliaSonera a leading edge in the region compared to local competitors, but this high investment cost turned into a larger and more satisfied customer base, upgrading TeliaSonera into the leading positions in most countries. In contrast to the European market, the intensity of rivalry was relatively low, and since TeliaSonera is at advantage over its competitors through better quality products and services, the power of buyers can be considered as relatively high – however, but not as high as in other regions, such as Europe. 3. 2. 4 Threat of Substitute Products or Services: The threat of substitutes in the telecom industry in Eurasia can be considered as low, as the market conditions in Eurasia countries present many opportunities for technology companies, such as TeliaSonera. In contrast to developed European countries, fixed networks are not as developed, which in turn makes these countries rely more on mobile services – which is one of the main services TeliaSonera is offering to its customers. Moreover, mobile penetration is lower in Eurasia than in TeliaSonera’s mature markets, offering a great deal of potential for the company’s mobile operations. Indeed, in developed countries, there are products and services from non-traditional telecom industries that pose serious substitution threats, such as satellite and cable TV operators. However, since the networks in Eurasia are much less developed than in regions, such as Europe, the threat of substitute products and services for TeliaSonera can be considered as relatively low. 3. 2. 5 Rivalry Among Existing Competitors: Compared to the European telecom market, there were fewer competitors, which enabled higher margins to be reaped. In addition to that, TeliaSonera savvily used alliances and acquisitions in order to expand to Eurasia. Through this strategy, TeliaSonera did not only bypass politically risky and institutionally ambiguous settings, it also reduced its number of competitors by acquiring or partnering with them. For this given reasons, the rivalry among existing competitors in the telecom industry in Eurasia can be considered as relatively calm. Using Porter’s five forces model to evaluate the collective strength of the five major forces that determine the ultimate profit potential of an industry, it can be concluded that TeliaSonera’s choice to use Eurasia as its growth engine was sophisticated and well considered. The company assessed the industry’s underlying structure in Eurasian region in terms of the five forces and could, therefore, effectively develop its strategy to successfully achieve its goals. To conclude, with regard to the Porter’s five forces model, the competitive intensity in Eurasia in general can be evaluated as relatively calm – especially, in comparison with TeliaSonera’s mature markets in Europe. However, not only the low level of competitive intensity but also the opportunities given by the Eurasian market make the expansion to this particular region attractive for TeliaSonera. For example, the certain market conditions of Eurasia result in a very high attractiveness, particularly for technology companies, such as TeliaSonera. Among these attractive market conditions are a larger and younger population that is the number one customer group of new technologies, because this provided a huge sales opportunity for TeliaSonera’s telecom services in the region and the fact that many Eurasia markets welcome foreign direct investments as a source of economic development. (Peng, 2013) 3. 3 TeliaSonera’s Main Challenges and Strategy 3. 3. 1 TeliaSonera’s Main Challenges Due to Institutional Frameworks In Eurasia, the institutional frameworks are either in transition from planned to market economy or relatively weak compared to Europe. Due to weak institutional settings, TeliaSonera had to face certain challenges in Eurasia countries that it had not to face in Europe. Although each country was, as mentioned, in a different phase of transition to market economy, the economic, legal, and regulatory systems were highly bureaucratic and risky, which lead to ambiguity in the institutional frameworks. This ambiguity resulted in additional risks for businesses, significantly increasing the costs of (necessary) investments companies had to make. One main challenge TeliaSonera had to face and which caused high risk to businesses in Eurasia can be attributed to the fact that regulatory systems in Eurasia were highly bureaucratic. Due to the high bureaucracy, companies could be prevented from essential business operations to be successful. For example, if a company wants to operate in a Eurasian country, it has to get permission for this, or if a company wants to build particular facilities, which it needs for its daily operations, it also needs permission – given by certain institutions. However, since the regulatory systems were highly bureaucratic it could take a very long time to get this particular permission – time in which the companies would lose profits they could gain, if they would be able to run their daily business. 3. 3. 2 TeliaSonera’s Strategy to Mitigate the Risk Caused by Institutional Frameworks In order to mitigate the risk caused by institutional frameworks of Eurasian countries, TeliaSonera developed a very successful strategy. First of all, TeliaSonera utilized its know-how specifically in infrastructure investments in the region. On the one hand, the highly technological and better quality network investments provided TeliaSonera a leading edge in the region compared to local competitors. On the other hand, the technology expertise of TeliaSonera reflected in infrastructure investments expedited the government relations and related bureaucratic issues. In other words, where other companies had to wait for government permission, TeliaSonera already got it and could successfully operate its daily businesses without suffering from delays. In addition to this, another part of TeliaSonera’s successful strategy was to utilize strong business and government ties, which means that TeliaSonera closely worked together with other important parties in the Eurasian market. (Peng, 2013) The following SWOT analysis provides the reader with a summary of all external and internal factors that influenced TeliaSonera’s expansion and successful business operations in Eurasia. Of particular importance are the company’s strengths, which it used in order to mitigate the external threats it had to face. Strengths Weaknesses Outstanding reputation High telecom expertise Excellent advertising and branding Relationships to businesses and governments Profitable company Collective power through merger of Telia and Sonera (2002) High liquidity Leading market position with around 150 million mobile customers Two successful mainstays in Europe and Eurasia, respectively Limited presence in Americas and growing economies Multiple Country government legislation impact Opportunities Threats Entry into 4G Commercial Networks Increasing demand for Mobile Broadband Strategic acquisitions and divestitures Growth in Telecommunications Services Weak industry regulations in Eurasia Rapid technological changes High bureaucracy in institutional frameworks in Eurasian countries Rapid technological changes Customer loyalty to local providers 4 Conclusions/Recommendations In conclusion, TeliaSonera is a successful global company, with the ability to venture even more so into global telecom markets. By analyzing the actions of the company using Porter’s Five Forces, it is clear that the telecom industry is very competitive, with the threat of new entrants at a steadily increasing rate. To maintain their status as one of the top providers within Eurasia, TeliaSonera should focus on new entrant possibilities. This threat of new entrants can be combated with multiple barriers to entry. By establishing barriers to entry in the telecom market in Eurasia, TeliaSonera will garner incumbent benefits, which will result in more market share for the company, while having some control of the amount of competition within said market. Even with a great deal of market share, TeliaSonera can always grow as a brand. In regards to untapped international markets, TeliaSonera will, in turn, be a new entrant, which means they must think of ways to differentiate themselves from the current incumbent companies that have acquired market share. As they have done in the past, TeliaSonera can enter various telecom markets via local brand alliances. By utilizing the brand recognition of local brands, they can establish themselves as a trustworthy company with consumers who are already dedicated to local brands. Technological advancements have also posed a great help in aiding new entrants gains in market share, whilst also moving the telecom industry forward as a whole. As mentioned before, TeliaSonera launched the first ever 4G network, which established it as one of the most reliable providers throughout Eurasia. By investing in research and development, they can make a similar impact in foreign markets. Also by keeping an ear to the public, TeliaSonera will continue to prosper if they are listening to their consumer base. The power of consumers is always an important factor to take into account when running a business. By responding to the needs of their consumers, TeliaSonera will be able to substantiate brand loyalty amongst consumers. In terms of the other aspects of Porter’s Five Forces, TeliaSonera has experienced little challenge, as the threat of substitute products within the domestic market is low. They do have several competitors, but this competition is healthy, giving them the ability to grow and change as an entity. When looking at TeliaSonera from a critical perspective, they are doing really well as they are a very new company. After the merger in 2002 the company made very wise decisions, utilizing social and political change as avenues of new market opportunities. When operating businesses in emerging economies, the unpredictability of the sometimes-unstable markets can pose a problem for new entrants. TeliaSonera navigated these problems with ease and can continue to do so if they do plan on becoming a true â€Å"global† entity.